Fabrication of 3D monolithic graphene foam/polycaprolactone porous nanocomposites for bioapplications

Abstract: Aiming at the production of light, porous, conductive, biosafe composites, in this paper we are presenting a novel fabrication method for monolithic, three-dimensional (3D) graphene foam (GF)/porous polymer composites. The synthesis adopts a novel process architecture by using Ni foam templates in an inductive heating chemical vapor deposition growth process, and by removing Ni chemically while retaining graphene integrity by the reversible application of cyclododecane (CD); finally, nondestructive coating procedures with polycaprolactone (PCL) solutions have been developed. The composites can be optimized to enhance electrical conduction, flexibility and mechanical properties, while mixing PCL and CD allows to coat the GF with a novel mesoporous polymer coating. By tuning the GF properties, the typical electrical resistance of the 3D forms can be reduced to a few 10 s of Ohms, values that are maintained after the PCL coatings. The current study achieved a GF fraction ranging between 1 and 7.3 wt%, with even the lower graphene content composites showing acceptable electrical and mechanical properties. The properties of these conductive 3D-GF/PCL composites are in line with the requirements for applications in the field of nerve tissue engineering. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].