Are All (Corporate) Wrongdoing the same? Large Firms, Small sized enterprises and the limits of a monistic approach in the EU context

The article aims at understanding whether domestic legislators and EU, especially with regard to certain spheres of criminality, should be encouraged to take different approaches to corporate crimes in respect of small sized companies and broad shareholder-based companies or in any case corporations with large and developed organizations, particularly where ownership and management are drastically separated. The analysis is thus focused in the first place on the importance assigned, de jure and/or de facto, to ownership, management and size by different European legal systems. It considers then, in a more theoretical perspective, the main criticalities of the still prevailing monistic corporate criminal liability model. Finally, the concluding section contains indications for a proper allocation of responsibilities and sanctioning mechanisms