48
Maritime Hydraulic Construction and Hydrology
REGGIO DI CALABRIA
Overview
Date/time interval
Syllabus
Course Objectives
The River Engineering and Hydroelectric Plants course deepens the basic knowledge encountered in the Hydraulics course, broadening the theoretical-interpretative vision to arrive at essential considerations for the figure of the engineer. At the end of the course the student will have integrated his knowledge of the disciplines of hydraulics and hydraulic plant engineering and will have a complete overview of the theoretical assumptions underlying the design of high-head, low-flow hydroelectric plants.
Course Prerequisites
Basics of Hydraulics
Teaching Methods
The course includes 48 hours of didactics (theoretical lectures, application examples and conduct of design exercises).
Assessment Methods
The objective of the examination is to test the level of achievement of the previously stated educational objectives.
The examination consists of an oral test.
The oral test will cover the course topics listed earlier and the exercises conducted during the course.
The final grade will be awarded according to the following evaluation criteria:
30 cum laude: complete, thorough and critical knowledge of the topics, excellent ownership of language, complete and original interpretative ability, full ability to apply knowledge independently to solve the proposed problems;
28 - 30: complete and thorough knowledge of the topics, excellent ownership of language, complete and effective interpretative ability, able to independently apply knowledge to solve proposed problems;
24 - 27: knowledge of topics with a good degree of mastery, good ownership of language, correct and confident interpretive ability, good ability to apply most of the knowledge correctly to solve proposed problems;
20 - 23: adequate knowledge of the topics but limited mastery of them, satisfactory ownership of language, correct interpretive ability, more than sufficient ability to independently apply knowledge to solve proposed problems;
18 - 19: basic knowledge of the main topics, basic knowledge of technical language, sufficient interpretive ability, sufficient ability to apply the basic knowledge acquired;
Insufficient: does not possess acceptable knowledge of the topics covered in the course.
Texts
CITRINI D., NOSEDA G., Idraulica, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana Milano.
MARCHI RUBATTA, Meccanica dei Fluidi, Ed. UTET.
CENGEL YUNUS A.; CIMBALA JOHN M.; Meccanica dei Fluidi. McGraw-Hill Education
Contents
The main topics of the course are surface waters (Free-surface currents) and varied motion in pressurized currents (Water hammer). Given the importance of laboratory experimentation in hydraulic problems, another central topic is modeling theory; lectures and exercises related to physical and numerical modeling of hydraulic phenomena (Similitude and Models) are planned.
Properties of fluids and hydrostatic
Definition of liquid. Hydraulics quantities: definitions. Density and specific gravity. Compressibility. Viscosity. Flow regimes. Hydrostatic stress within liquids. Unspecified hydrostatics equation. Piezometric head. Measuring pressure instruments. Pressures on plane surfaces. Hydrostatic equation of global equilibrium. Pressures on curved surfaces. Equilibrium of submerged bodies. Stability of a floating body.
Perfect liquids
Velocity and acceleration. Characteristic elements of the fluid motion: trajectories, current lines. Types of movement. Euler equation. Euler equation tangent, normal and binormal to a point of the trajectory. Pressure distribution in the normal plane. Linear currents. Bernoulli's theorem: geometric and energetic interpretation of Bernoulli's theorem, application of Bernoulli's theorem to outflow processes. Power of a current. Extension of the Bernoulli theorem to a current. Equations of unsteady flow for perfect fluid. Problems of starting flow in a pipeline. Study of oscillations of a piezometric well. Global equilibrium equations in dynamic conditions. Dynamic actions on Pelton turbines. Weirs: Bazin weir, overflowing dam; weir in big wall.
Hydraulic models
Dimensional Analysis: Buckingham theorem and its applications. Notes on hydraulic models. Reynolds similarity. Froude similarity.
Real fluids
Navier-Stokes equation. Global equilibrium equation for a real fluid. Application of the Navier-Stokes equation to the laminar flow: motion between two plates; motion in a circular conduct; motion in a large rectangular section. The turbulent motion: the experience of Reynolds; global equilibrium equation for the turbulent flow; genesis of the turbulent tensions; velocity distribution in the circular sections; resistance index and its expressions for smooth tube and rough tube; diagrams of velocity as a function of characteristic parameters of the turbulent motion; formula of Colebrook; Moody diagram; design and testing problems solved with the Moody diagram and with the auxiliary curves; dependence of the pressure drop per unit length of pipeline by the diameter and on the hydraulic discharge for different types of motion; practical formulas for the turbulent motion.
Unsteady flow
Hydroelectric plants. Water hammer: description of the phenomenon; equation of motion, continuity equation, general integrals of water hammer; connected equations; determination of the overload at the shutter or in a generic section; formula of Allievi-Michaud.
Flow on open channels
Flow on open channels: general overview. The uniform flow. Energy characteristics of the current in a section. Channels with weak and strong slope. Kinematics of the two movements. Currents in permanent motion; profiles of the free surface; hydraulic jump. Practical examples.