60
Architecture Technology
REGGIO DI CALABRIA
Overview
Date/time interval
Syllabus
Course Objectives
KEY EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
In alignment with the 4th and 5th year curriculum and, more broadly, with the learning objectives of the Master's Degree in Architecture, the course aims to provide students with both theoretical knowledge and practical tools to support a new environmentally responsible design culture. It contributes to shaping a professional profile rooted in European cultural and educational values.
A key educational objective is to foster the ability to recognize and leverage the potential of enabling and emerging technologies, in synergy with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda. This approach supports the transformation of the built environment and guides design interventions toward scenarios of climate neutrality and sustainability.
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES RELATED TO THE COURSE THEME
In line with the overarching educational goals and to achieve the expected learning outcomes defined by the course program, the course has the specific objective of introducing students to the theoretical, critical, and operational issues related to enabling and emerging technologies—particularly Digital Twinning—along with simulation environments, predictive analysis tools, BIM modeling, and Scan-to-BIM processes.
The ultimate aim is to guide students toward the development of a Digital Twin model, which can support sustainable technological choices in the design phase and simulate efficient behavior during the operational phase of the building lifecycle.
Course Prerequisites
Given the advanced placement of this course within the final phase of the study program, students are expected to demonstrate an appropriate level of critical thinking and the ability to integrate knowledge previously acquired in subjects related to the scientific-disciplinary sector SSD ICAR/08 – Technological and Environmental Design in Architecture (typically covered during the 1st to 3rd years).
There are no mandatory prerequisites or compulsory preparatory courses.
Likewise, prior knowledge of specific BIM authoring software or tools related to point cloud acquisition and processing is not essential. These topics will be introduced and explored during the course and, if necessary, through targeted seminars planned as part of the F-credit activities offered by the degree program.
Teaching Methods
1_ COURSE STRUCTURE AND TEACHING
The course is organized into theoretical lectures and practical exercises/experiments designed to provide a comprehensive theoretical and practical framework on digital twinning applied at both urban and building scales, alongside related emerging technologies—particularly BIM modeling, Scan-to-BIM processes, and management platforms that enable their applications.
- Theoretical lectures: 30 hours (in-class per academic year), equivalent to 3 CFU credits
- Exercises/experiments: 20 hours (in-class per academic year), equivalent to 2 CFU credits
- Practical activities/assessments/discussion forums: 10 hours (in-class per academic year), equivalent to 1 CFU credit
Practical exercises and experiments will preferably be conducted in groups and/or individually (exceptionally agreed with the instructor), with scheduled moments of comparison and presentations carried out collectively to develop communication, synthesis, and critical discussion skills on the topics covered.
To this end, intermediate assessments are planned at the conclusion of each module.
These assessments will be significant for the final evaluation, both in terms of punctuality of submission and quality of work.
Schedule of Educational Activities
- Module 1: Digital Twin and Emerging Technologies for the Built Environment (12 hours) (Weeks 1 and 2)
- Module 2: Integration of Enabling Technologies and Scan-to-BIM Processes (18 hours) (Weeks 3 and 5)
- Module 3: BIM Modeling: Theory, Tools, and Applications (18 hours) (Weeks 6 and 8)
- Module 4: Digital Twin, Climate Neutrality, and Decarbonization (6 hours) (Week 9)
- Module 5: Digital Twin for Smart and Cognitive Buildings (6 hours) (Week 10)
- Module 6: Presentation of Annual Experimental Project (6 hours) (Week 11)
- Final Workshop for Annual Experimental Project (Dedicated weeks - May 2026)
Intermediate assessments: Discussion forums and talks scheduled for weeks 2, 5, 8, 9, and 10.
2_ AUTONOMOUS LEARNING OF THE STUDENT
To complete the required hours/ECTS credits, students are expected to independently engage in additional study and preparation outside of scheduled contact hours. This includes deepening their understanding of the course material, preparing for intermediate assessments, and final exam preparation.
The time commitment is based on the ratio of 1 ECTS credit = 25 hours, divided as 10 hours of in-class instruction and 15 hours of independent study.
Specifically:
- In-depth study of bibliography (theoretical part):
Students are required to explore the theoretical aspects of the course topics by reading the bibliography, with priority given to the indicated sections and materials provided during lectures to support specific themes.
- Preparation for assessments (practical work):
At the end of each module, students must prepare a detailed report as an intermediate assessment, covering content from lectures and/or seminars.
- Exam preparation:
For the final exam, each student will prepare a thematic report agreed upon with the instructor. This report will incorporate the intermediate assessment reports prepared at the conclusion of each module
Assessment Methods
EXAMINATION PROCEDURE: THEORY AND PRACTICE
The exam is a single assessment aimed at evaluating the student’s understanding of both the theoretical aspects of the course and their application. It consists of an oral discussion on the topics covered throughout the course, along with the presentation of an original and independent in-depth project agreed upon with the instructor and produced individually by the student. This project will also include group and/or individual works presented during the intermediate assessments.
Intermediate assessments and the final exam collectively contribute to the overall evaluation.
- Intermediate assessments: Discussion forums and talks (Weeks 2, 5, 8, 9, 10)
- Final assessment – WORKSHOP: Annual project experimentation (Dedicated weeks – May 2026)
The final grade will take into account the student’s overall engagement and participation in the course activities, with particular consideration for:
- the intermediate assessments (weighted 25%)
- the presentation and discussion of the final project, as well as the level of learning and maturity demonstrated in the comprehensive understanding of the acquired knowledge (weighted 75%).
The evaluation of group work will, in any case, reflect the individual performance of each student.
Attendance is certified through participation in the practical activities scheduled at the end of each thematic module and the final workshop.
Texts
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
This section includes foundational texts and key readings that provide theoretical grounding and contextual understanding of the different topics introduced during the Course.
Lauria M. and Azzalin, M. (2024), “Digital Twin approach in Buildings – Future challenges via a critical literature review”, in Buildings, vol. 14, issue 2, article 376, pp. 1-18. [Online] doi.org/10.3390/buildings14 020376
Lauria M., Azzalin M. (2023), Kintsugi Thinking. Manutenzione dell’ambiente costruito nell’era ecologica e digitale. Studi e Progetti, vol. 59, p. 1-175, Santarcangelo di Romagna (RN): Maggioli Editore
Project-Based Experimentation – Annual Theme
This section includes references that support the applied dimension of the course, offering insights, case studies, and tools related to the experimental activities
Eloy, S., Rotaru, A. D., Manuel J., Calvo F. (2023), Digital Twins for Smart Cities, Springer
Mazzoleni F. (a cura di) (2021), Digital Twin. Strumenti e applicazioni per il progetto dell’architettura, FrancoAngeli
Azzalin M. (2024) “Digital Twin’s effort for the decarbonization process in the built environment”, in: Calabrò F., Madureira L., Morabito C., Piñeira Mantiñán M., J. (eds) Networks, Markets & People, NMP2024, Book Series Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems (2367-3370) SPRINGER
Lauria M., Azzalin M., Melchini T., Gulletta A., (2024) “New paradigms shift in buildings: experimental application of Digital Twin for safety and well-being”, in Gaspari J., Felicioni L., Marchi L., Antonini E. (2024) International Conference on Challenges for the Next Generation Built Environment (NEXTBUILT 2024), IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science ISSN: 1755-1315
Suggested Readings
The following are non-mandatory readings that support the development of a critical perspective on the use of technology in architectural design. These texts aim to provide cultural depth to digital tools, while offering a systemic and reflective framework for their application in the transformation of the built environment.
Carpo, M. (2017), The Second Digital Turn: Design Beyond Intelligence, MIT press, Boston
Ito, J. and Howe, J. (2017), Al passo col futuro. Come sopravvivere all'imprevedibile accelerazione del mondo, Egea editore
Morton, T. (2013), Hyperobjects – Philosophy and Ecology After the End of the World, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
Ratti, C., Claudel, M. (2021), The City of Tomorrow: Sensors, Networks, Hackers, and the Future of Urban Life, Yale University Press
Sinopoli, N. (1997), La tecnologia invisibile. Il processo di produzione dell’architettura e le sue regie, Franco Angeli, Milano
Web site reference
https://www.ingenio-web.it/
https://www.agathon.it/agathon
https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/techne/index
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Open-Source Software and Plug-ins
Guidance will be provided during the course regarding the use of open-source software tools to support project-based experimentation.
Throughout the course, and in collaboration with invited experts, a selection of relevant open-access bibliographic resources will also be made available to students
Contents
2_COURSE PROGRAM
The course focuses on the theoretical and applied foundations of Digital Twinning in relation to the built environment, with particular attention to the interplay between innovation and sustainability. It will explore the opportunities emerging from the three fundamental components of the digital twin framework: the physical (real-world objects), the virtual (digital models), and the network architecture enabling dynamic and continuous data exchange.
In parallel, the course will address BIM methodologies through the lens of the three core dimensions that define its current operational evolution: Model – Modeling – Management.
The course will be held during the second semester and is structured into six thematic modules. Each module includes theoretical lectures, hands-on practical activities (conducted individually or in working groups), and periodic assessments. A final workshop will conclude the course.
These activities aim to equip students with the theoretical, critical, and practical skills necessary for applying digital technologies in the design and management of the built environment.
The course's broader cultural framework—especially in relation to the chosen annual theme—addresses the ecological and digital transition in the construction sector and climate change. It draws on strategic goals outlined in European policy documents, including climate neutrality and the decarbonization of the built environment.
To support this perspective, the course will introduce and experiment with enabling and emerging technologies related to Digital Twin and BIM. These include BIM modeling software, simulation environments, digital models, IoT sensors, artificial intelligence, communication platforms, and edge computing. Collectively, these technologies offer a powerful toolkit to support the achievement of sustainability and innovation targets, forming a new "design ecosystem." Within this ecosystem, students—as future professionals—will operate in synergy with various actors in the construction process (clients, designers/specialists, contractors, manufacturers, etc.) and with new “intangible information infrastructures.”
In this context, Digital Twin becomes a key concept linking innovation, sustainability, and process optimization.
Course Modules
Module 1 – Digital Twin and Emerging Technologies for the Built Environment (12 hours – Weeks 1–2)
Objective: Provide a critical and theoretical foundation, including the historical evolution from CAD to BIM to Digital Twin, with a focus on interactions with Sustainable Development Goals 9 and 11.
Focus: Presentation and analysis of best practices at the European and international level.
Practical Activity: Presentation of case studies and critical discussion forums on the topics covered.
Module 2 – Integration of Enabling Technologies and Scan-to-BIM Processes (18 hours – Weeks 3–5)
Objective: Analyze the potential and limitations of integrating surveying techniques with information modeling, introducing essential technologies, tools, and digital processes.
Focus: Understanding the main phases of the Scan-to-BIM process: data acquisition, processing, and modeling.
Practical Activity: Acquisition, visualization, and manipulation of a point cloud using instruments (laser scanners, drones) and dedicated software.
Module 3 – BIM Modeling: Theory, Tools, and Applications (18 hours – Weeks 6–8)
Objective: Introduce the three key "M"s of BIM: Model – Modeling – Management.
Focus: The information structure of a BIM model; Levels of Development (LOD), standards, interoperability, and GIS integration.
Practical Activity: Modeling of a building and/or urban area. Georeferencing, grid and level setup.
Module 4 – Digital Twin, Climate Neutrality, and Decarbonization (6 hours – Week 9)
Objective: Define how Digital Twin technologies contribute to the decarbonization of the construction sector.
Focus: Overview of European policies and frameworks (from the Paris Agreement to the Green Deal, Renovation Wave, and EPBD 2024).
Practical Activity: Simulation of digital twin monitoring and management using dedicated platforms (Dalux and/or ACCA).
Module 5 – Digital Twin for Smart and Cognitive Buildings (6 hours – Week 10)
Objective: Explore the evolution from smart buildings to cognitive buildings, aimed at optimizing interactions between environment, buildings, and users.
Focus: From digital modeling to the sustainable management of the built environment. Future perspectives of Digital Twin in the construction industry.
Topics: Continuous monitoring, predictive analytics, and machine learning for performance optimization.
Module 6 – Presentation of the Annual Project Experimentation (6 hours – Week 11)
Objective: Development of a Digital Twin model, with a level of complexity compatible with the course duration and structure, capable of representing a layered and multivalent reality on a dedicated platform (Dalux and/or ACCA).
Final Workshop: Dedicated sessions (May 2026)
Central to the practical and experimental activities will be:
- Scan-to-BIM processes for information acquisition
- BIM modeling from point cloud data
- Integrated data management and sharing (ACDat) using collaborative platforms (ACCA software and Dalux) to create Digital Twins.
These complementary processes will prepare students to apply simulation and predictive analysis techniques for the lifecycle management and control of the built environment.
Any possible integrations or synergies with other courses or labs within the academic year will be evaluated during the semester.
Particular relevance will be given to the collaboration with BIG srl, an academic spin-off of the University of Mediterranea, operating in the field of innovative built environment management (Scientific Director M. Lauria; Responsible of Research and Development Section M. Azzalin.
3_EXPECTED RESULTS
The course will enable students to critically engage with the topics addressed through lectures, seminars, and experimental activities, fostering interdisciplinary skills and critical thinking. Learning outcomes are aligned with the Dublin Descriptors and relate to both theoretical understanding and practical application of Digital Twin approaches (Digital Twinning) and BIM methodologies:
- Knowledge and understanding. Students will acquire a solid theoretical foundation and understanding of the principles and methodological approaches related to the digital and ecological transformation of the built environment. They will explore the potential of Digital Twinning and BIM methodologies, including their integration with virtual reality tools for predictive design and sustainable lifecycle management.
- Applying Knowledge and Understanding. Students will gain practical experience with key tools driving the ecological and digital transformation of the construction sector. These include hands-on experimentation with Scan-to-BIM processes, 3D modeling, spatial database management, and Digital Twin systems on collaborative platforms, including GIS-based environments.
- Making Judgements. Students will develop critical thinking skills and the ability to assess the potential and current applications of digital approaches. This will be nurtured through active participation in lectures, discussions with industry experts, end-of-module discussion forums, and practical exercises.
- Communication Skills. The course will enhance students’ ability to clearly present and discuss their work through structured interactions with faculty and peers. These include participation in group forums, collaborative exercises, and collective assessments aimed at improving their presentation and communication competencies.
- Learning Skills. Through classroom experimentation, students will develop the ability to absorb and apply new information. Group work and collaborative projects will encourage knowledge sharing, peer learning, and deeper exploration of course topics. These skills will be assessed during practical activities and interim evaluations throughout the course.