96
Hydraulics
REGGIO DI CALABRIA
Overview
Date/time interval
Syllabus
Course Objectives
HYDRAULIC
The course provides the tools to understand the laws governing statics, kinematics and dynamics of fluids and the tools to size pipes under pressure and Open channel flow. Therefore, the course develops the autonomy of judgment necessary to address and solve plumbing problems frequent in professional practice and develops the communication skills needed to interact with professionals and specialists in the plumbing sector. In addition, it hones the learning skills necessary both to undertake subsequent specialist studies and to deepen the subject independently.
The first part of the course describes the properties of fluids (compressibility, density, surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, etc.). The laws governing static (indefinite and global equations, Stevino's law), kinematics (types and regimes of motion, indefinite and global equations of continuity) and fluid dynamics (indefinite equation of motion, Navier-Stokes equations and Euler's, global equation of dynamic equilibrium, Bernoulli's theorem). The second part describes the laws that govern the currents under pressure (types of motion, design and verification of pipelines, lifting equipment, open and closed networks) and Open channel flow (types of motion, current profiles and sizing of a dissipation tank)
HYDROLOGY
The course provides the tools to understand the laws governing the formation mechanisms of precipitation and Discharge and the tools Weir designs. Therefore, the course develops the autonomy of judgment necessary to address and solve hydrological problems frequent in professional practice and develops the communication skills necessary to interact with professionals and specialists in the hydrological sector. In addition, it hones the learning skills necessary both to undertake subsequent specialized studies and to deepen the subject independently. The course describes the characteristic quantities of a hydrographic basin, the precipitation formation mechanisms and the related statistical analysis and the flood formation mechanisms and the relative methods of estimating the Discharge of assigned return time, design and verification of a gravity weir.
Course Prerequisites
Mathematical Analysis II, Physics
Teaching Methods
Lectures (hours/year in lecture theatre): 80
Practical class (hours/year in lecture theatre): 12
Practical / Workshops (hours/year in lecture theatre): 4
Assessment Methods
Written examination
Oral examination
Project Evaluation
The examination comprises a written test and an oral test. The written test consists of three numerical exercises, with theoretical references, to be solved in two hours. The oral test consists of an interview in which the exercises on the practical topics of the course will also be evaluated and discussed.
The written test is intended to ascertain the student's ability to apply the knowledge acquired during the course. The oral test is intended to verify the level of knowledge and understanding of the course content and to assess the student's autonomy of judgement, learning ability and communication skills.
The outcome of the examination will depend on a weighted average of the results of the written and oral tests and the evaluation of the exercises. The final grade will be awarded according to the following evaluation criteria:
30 cum laude: complete, in-depth and critical knowledge of the topics, excellent language skills, complete and original interpretative ability, full ability to apply knowledge independently to solve the proposed problems;
28 - 30: complete and thorough knowledge of the topics, excellent language skills, complete and effective interpretative ability, able to autonomously apply knowledge to solve the proposed problems;
24 - 27: knowledge of the topics with a good degree of mastery, good language property, correct and safe interpretative ability, good ability to correctly apply most of knowledge to solve the proposed problems;
20 - 23: adequate knowledge of the topics but limited mastery of them, satisfactory language skills, correct interpretative ability, more than sufficient ability to apply knowledge independently to solve the proposed problems
18 - 19: basic knowledge of the main topics, basic knowledge of technical language, sufficient interpretative ability, sufficient ability to apply the basic knowledge acquired;
Insufficient: does not have an acceptable knowledge of the topics covered during the course.
Texts
MOSSA M. e PETRILLO A.F., Idraulica, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
CITRINI D. e NOSEDA G., Idraulica, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
ALFONSI G., ORSI E., Problemi di idraulica e meccanica dei fluidi, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
MOISELLO U., Idrologia Tecnica, Libreria Cortina.
MAIONE U., Le piene fluviali, La Goliardica Pavese.
FERRO V., La sistemazione dei bacini idrografici, McGraw-Hill.
USAI E., Manuale di Idrologia per la progettazione, Hoepli.
CETRARO F., Idrogeologia e opere di difesa idraulica, EPC Libri.
BECCIU G. e PAOLETTI A., Esercitazioni di Costruzioni Idrauliche, Ambrosiana.
Contents
Introduction on fluid mechanics and dimensional analysis (1 cfu)
Units of measurement. Stress in a fluid: Cauchy theorem and corollaries. Fluid properties: compressibility, density, thermic expansion, surface tension, viscosity, evaporation, boiling point, vapor pressure, cavitation. Fluid classification. Principle of dimensional homogeneity. Classical equations. Theorem Pi. Typical Hydraulic Numbers. Physical modeling and dimensional analysis. Similarity and self-similarity.
Hydrostatic (1cfu)
Local equation. global equation. Stevin law. Pressure: law, distribution, and measurement instruments. Thrust on flat and curved surfaces and formula Mariotte. Flotation.
Kinematics of fluids (1 cfu)
flow regimes: laminar, turbulent, transitional. Velocity and acceleration: Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches. flow field: path, current line, line of smoke. motion types: steady, permanent, plan, unsteady, rotational, irrotational. Warping: translation, rigid rotation, axial strain, angular strain. Continuity indefinite equation. global continuity equation.
Fluid dynamics (1 cfu)
indefinite equation of motion. Stokes viscosity law. Euler and Navier Stokes equaions. Global dynamic equilibrium equations. Bernoulli's theorem: energy and geometrical meanings, applications, and extensions. Processes outflow. Pumps and turbines.
Pipe flow (2 cfu)
Stress for a pipe flow. Roughness coefficient. Roughness: hydraulically smooth and rough walls. Reynolds experiment. Laminar flow: general and resistance index. Turbulent flow: characteristic variables, velocity distribution and resistance laws. Design of a pipe: practical formulae, localized head losses, water distribution system and design as a function of elevation, pipelines with pumping systems, open and closed networks.
Marzolo's method for sizing pipelines with the economy criterion. Conducted in series and in parallel. Pipes with constant diameter with uniform delivery along the path. Lifting equipment Types and classification of pumps. Selection criteria, fields of use and operating characteristics. Open networks: design and verification problems. Closed networks: design and verification methods with the Cross method.
Open channel flow (2 cfu)
Free-flowing currents in natural waterways and artificial canals. Types of open channel flows. Design of an open channel: classification, resistance laws, specific energy of the current at constant flow. Water profiles. Hydraulic jump. Surface wave celerity. Low slope, critical and steeply sloping riverbed. Current profiles in riverbed with strong slope, critical slope, low slope, horizontal and counter-slope. Changing from slow to fast and back current. Hydraulic rise: identification and length. Design of stilling basin.
Filtration (1 cfu)
Groundwater use through wells. Wells: types, static and dynamic level, characteristic curve. Seeping galleries. Wells excavated in groundwater and artesian. Estimation of the flow rate.
The catchment area and the precipitation (1 cfu)
Identification of the watershed and evaluation of planimetric and altimetric characteristics. Hierarchy with Horton and Shreve methods and linear properties. Estimation of river solid transport.
Formation, classification, and measurement of precipitation. Hydrological database.
Discharge (1 cfu)
Statistical laws: Gumbel, Log-normal, Frechet, Weibull and TCEV.
Relationship between rainfall height, length and area and rainfall intensity-duration curves (CCP). Hydrological balance, net and reported rainfall. Constant and variable intensity (Chicago method). Kinematic, rational and Nash methods for the estimation of the flood discharge with assigned return time. Flow measurement instruments.
Weir design (1 credit)
Calculation of compensation slope and downstream excavation.
Gaveta design.
Criteria for choosing the weir dimensions.
Stress analysis: before the landfill, after the landfill without drains and with drains
Stability verifications: sliding, overturning, crush, siphoning.
Calculation of the number of bridles and relative distance.