60
Industrial Design
REGGIO DI CALABRIA
Overview
Date/time interval
Syllabus
Course Objectives
The Ergonomics course aims to provide students with the knowledge, tools and skills to design products, environments and services that are functional, safe, comfortable and responsive to the physical, cognitive and psychological needs of the user. The focus is on the centrality of the person in the design process, with an integrated and multidisciplinary approach.
1. Understanding the fundamental principles of ergonomics
• Acquiring theoretical knowledge of physical, cognitive and organisational ergonomics.
• Understanding the basics of anthropometry, biomechanics, perception, attention and mental load.
• Understanding the role of ergonomics in user-centred design.
2. Know how to apply knowledge to concrete design contexts
• Collect and process anthropometric and behavioural data.
• Use ergonomic methods (task analysis, usability testing, observation, simulation).
• Integrate ergonomic principles into the design of objects, interfaces and spaces.
3. Develop critical observation and independent evaluation skills
• Critically analyse the effectiveness and ergonomic quality of existing products.
• Formulate reasoned judgements on the relationship between user, product and environment.
• Evaluate ergonomic suitability in relation to comfort, safety and inclusiveness.
4. Master the specific communication tools of the discipline
• Communicate the results of ergonomic analyses and projects effectively.
• Use appropriate technical language, with visual and metric supports.
• Collaborate in groups, developing listening, discussion and synthesis skills.
5. Strengthen autonomy in learning and design research
• Know how to consult regulations, guidelines, scientific literature and case studies.
• Adopt a reflective and interdisciplinary approach to ergonomic design.
• Enhance the ability to continuously update oneself on emerging standards and technologies.
The course aims to train knowledgeable and competent designers who are able to design taking into account the real conditions of use and the needs of users, promoting accessible, inclusive and sustainable solutions.
Course Prerequisites
No prior specialist knowledge is required to take the Ergonomics course, but it is essential that students have acquired the basics of the design process and possess an open mind, a spirit of observation and analytical skills, with a view to a human-centred approach to design. The following skills are required:
1. Basic knowledge in the field of design
• Familiarity with the general principles of design (form, function, context).
• Knowledge of the design process: analysis, conception, prototyping, verification.
• Experience in first-year design workshops (technical drawing, modelling, design of simple objects or spaces).
2. Project representation and communication skills
• Ability to draw and represent design ideas clearly, both freehand and with digital tools.
• Basic use of graphics or 2D/3D modelling software (e.g. Illustrator, Rhino, AutoCAD).
• Skills in constructing tables, diagrams, infographics and oral presentations.
3. Basic knowledge of humans as a design reference
• Basic knowledge of human anatomy and physiology (often covered in first-year Technology or Morphology courses).
• Basic knowledge of user needs, behaviours and perceptions.
• Sensitivity to issues of inclusion, accessibility and comfort.
4. Ability to observe and analyse the context of use
• Ability to critically observe objects and usage behaviours.
• Ability to collect data and information in the field (including qualitative data).
• Openness to interdisciplinary comparison (psychology, physiology, technology, social design).
Teaching Methods
Lectures and presentations will alternate with project activities to provide the appropriate theoretical context. An integrated teaching method will be adopted, combining theory and practice to develop user-centred design skills. The teaching method will be structured as follows:
1. Lectures and theory
• These will provide the conceptual foundations of ergonomics (physical, cognitive, organisational).
• They will introduce theoretical models, standards (e.g. ISO, UNI), analysis techniques and case studies.
• They will often be supported by slides, videos, readings, articles and guided discussions.
2. Practical exercises and workshops
• Students will apply the concepts studied through practical activities:
o Anthropometric measurements and postural analysis.
o Observation of usage behaviour and task analysis.
o Usability testing and simulations.
• The workshops will often be carried out in small groups to encourage collaborative design.
3. Application projects
• The course involves the development of small ergonomic projects (objects, interfaces, environments).
• We will start with an analysis of the context and the user, and then move on to the design proposal and its ergonomic verification.
• The projects will also be evaluated for their ability to integrate comfort, safety and inclusiveness.
4. Discussions, feedback and critical reviews
• There will be opportunities for collective discussion of the projects in progress.
• Teachers and tutors will provide constructive feedback, encouraging improvement and critical reflection.
5. Individual study and in-depth activities
• Students will be encouraged to consult texts, scientific articles, guidelines and regulatory references.
• Readings or micro-research projects may be assigned for presentation in class.
6. Possible workshops or external interventions
• If planned, the course may include intensive workshops or presentations by professionals who are experts in applied ergonomics, human-machine interaction, inclusive design, etc.
The teaching method will be experiential, interdisciplinary and project-based, with the aim of providing students not only with theoretical knowledge, but above all with operational skills and critical awareness, in line with the “user-centred design” approach typical of design education.
TYPE OF TRAINING ACTIVITIES:
Lectures: (hours/year in the classroom): 40
Exercises: (hours/year in the classroom): 10
Practical activities: (hours/year in the classroom): 10
Training activity calendar
First semester
Assessment Methods
The methods used to assess learning will be varied and consistent with the theoretical-practical approach of the course. They aim to evaluate both the theoretical knowledge acquired and the students' ability to apply ergonomic principles to the project.
The main methods are as follows:
1. Practical or design test (ongoing or final assessment)
• What it involves: individual or group completion of an ergonomic project (analysis of an object/environment/interface and proposal for improvement).
• What it assesses: ability to apply ergonomic tools and methods, integration of theory and practice, quality of the design proposal, motivation behind choices.
• Required tools: technical reports, tables, diagrams, simulations, usability tests.
2. Written reports or dossiers
• What it involves: preparation of reports on exercises carried out, analysis of case studies, summaries of scientific or regulatory readings.
• What it assesses: critical analysis skills, clarity of presentation, correct use of technical language.
3. Oral presentation of the project
• What it involves: presentation of the final project or intermediate exercises, possibly with visual aids.
• What it assesses: communication skills, mastery of content, clarity of presentation and consistency of argument.
4. Written test (if applicable)
• What it involves: multiple-choice quizzes, open-ended questions, brief scenario analyses.
• What it assesses: theoretical knowledge of fundamental concepts (physical and cognitive ergonomics, regulations, anthropometry, usability, etc.).
5. Active participation and classroom/laboratory work
• What it assesses: continuity in work, contribution to group work, autonomy and problem-solving skills, critical thinking and ability to collaborate.
The assessment methods will be complementary and combined (formative and summative) in order to comprehensively assess:
• theoretical knowledge of ergonomics,
• design application skills,
• communication skills,
• and the student's critical autonomy.
Assessment criteria:
Grades:
30 - 30 with honours: Excellent ability to conceive and develop a project for an original and reproducible object; ability to formulate original judgements and evaluations; excellent language and communication skills in different registers (design, presentation, etc.);
26- 29: Comprehensive ability to conceive and develop a project with innovative content; ability to apply acquired knowledge and
formulate judgements; good ability to articulate a specialised discourse even through different registers of communication;
22 - 25: Sufficient ability to design and develop a project with elements of innovation; basic ability to apply acquired knowledge and formulate judgements, as well as to
articulate a specialised discourse
18-21: Minimal ability to design and develop a project with innovative elements, to apply acquired knowledge and formulate judgements, as well as minimal presentation and communication skills.
Insufficient: significant difficulties in designing and developing a project; significant gaps in training; inability to apply acquired knowledge; inappropriate language
Texts
- Tosi (2018) Ergonomics and Design, F. Angeli, Milan (Theme of the Year)
A clear and comprehensive text that introduces the fundamental principles of physical and cognitive ergonomics, with a strong design focus and numerous case studies.
- Don Norman – The Masochist's Coffee Maker. The Design of Everyday Objects
Giunti, 2020 (updated edition) (Theoretical)
A classic on perception, usability and interaction between users and objects. Excellent for understanding design errors related to a lack of attention to the user experience.
- Luciano Crespi – Ergonomic Design. Principles, Methods and Tools
Maggioli Editore, 2017 (Experimentation)
A comprehensive guide to the application of ergonomics in industrial design, with technical data sheets, regulatory references and a focus on inclusive design.
- Stephen Pheasant, Christine M. Haslegrave – Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work CRC Press, 2005 (Experimentation)
An international reference text on anthropometry applied to the design of products and work environments. Full of useful data and tables.
- Alessandro Deserti – Design and Ergonomics. Criteria for Industrial Product Design
Maggioli Editore, 2001 (Theoretical)
A concise and effective manual for those who want to understand how to integrate ergonomic criteria into the industrial product design process.
Contents
DESCRIPTION
The second-year Ergonomics course in the university degree programme in Design focuses on the relationship between human beings and the system of objects, environments and interfaces with which they interact on a daily basis. The main objective is to provide students with theoretical and practical tools to design products, spaces and services that effectively respond to the physical, cognitive and perceptual needs of users.
During the course, students explore the fundamental concepts of physical ergonomics (movement, posture, fatigue, comfort), cognitive ergonomics (attention, memory, human-machine interaction) and organisational ergonomics (work environment, production rhythms, safety). Students learn to use ergonomic analysis methods and tools, such as observation of usage behaviour, usability testing and anthropometric simulations.
The course includes practical exercises and application projects, in which students analyse real contexts and propose user-centred design solutions. The importance of an inclusive approach that takes into account diversity in age, gender, physical and cultural abilities is emphasised.
In summary, the teaching of ergonomics prepares future designers to conceive functional, comfortable and safe solutions, enhancing user well-being and the sustainability of the interaction between the person and the designed system.
PROGRAMME
The main topics include:
1. Fundamentals of Ergonomics
• Definition and history of ergonomics
• Objectives and areas of application (physical, cognitive, organisational)
• Ergonomics in the design process
2. Anthropometry and Biomechanics
• Anthropometric measurements (static and dynamic)
• Optimal postures and movements
• Comfort and physical effort
• Principles of dimensional design and adaptability
3. Cognitive Ergonomics
• Perception, attention, memory and learning
• Cognitive load and interaction with objects and interfaces
• Usability and user experience design
4. Ergonomic Analysis and Evaluation
• Methods for observing and analysing usage behaviour
• Task analysis techniques
• Ergonomic checklists and grids
• Usability testing and comparative evaluations
5. Environmental Ergonomics
• Lighting, acoustics, microclimate
• Ergonomics of workspaces and domestic environments
6. Inclusive Design and Accessibility
• Principles of design for all
• Design for age, disability and cultural diversity
7. Case Studies and Application Projects
• Ergonomic analysis of products and environments
• Design of ergonomic objects and interfaces
EXPECTED RESULTS
At the end of the course, students will be able to design with ergonomic awareness, adopting a user-centred approach that values health, well-being and accessibility, contributing to the creation of more functional, safe and inclusive products and environments.
- Understand the theoretical principles of physical, cognitive and organisational ergonomics.
- Know the anthropometric and biomechanical data essential for design.
- Know the international standards and guidelines relating to ergonomics and accessibility.
- Be able to conduct ergonomic analyses on products, environments and interfaces, using specific tools and methods (anthropometric measurements, task analysis, usability testing).
- Be able to integrate ergonomic principles into the various stages of the design process.
- Design solutions that improve comfort, safety, efficiency and inclusiveness for users with different characteristics and needs.
- Critically evaluate the conditions of use and ergonomic issues of products and spaces.
- Propose design changes based on objective data and a holistic view of human-environment interaction.
- Effectively communicate ergonomic analyses, proposals and results using technical language and appropriate visual aids.
- Collaborate in a team and interact with different stakeholders (teachers, users, clients).
- Be able to find and interpret regulatory sources, scientific literature and case studies.
- Be able to independently keep up to date with innovations and best practices in the field of ergonomics applied to design.
More information
Detailed description of how each of the following learning objectives will be addressed within the course in relation to the criteria of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF):
1. Knowledge and understanding
Students will acquire fundamental knowledge through lectures, seminars, guided readings and case studies. The theoretical principles of physical, cognitive and organisational ergonomics, anthropometry, usability and user-centred design concepts will be introduced. Understanding will be facilitated by direct comparison with practical examples and discussion of design errors and ergonomic successes. Multimedia material and digital resources will support theoretical learning.
2. Applying knowledge and understanding
The knowledge acquired will be applied through exercises, workshops, anthropometric surveys, usability tests, and analysis of real environments and products. Students will work in groups to design ergonomic solutions and evaluate them using specific tools (checklists, task analysis, interviews, simulations). The projects will be geared towards integrating ergonomic principles into the design phases, from conceptual development to prototyping.
3. Making judgements
During analytical and design activities, students will be guided to develop critical thinking and independent evaluation skills by analysing the ergonomic suitability of products and spaces. They will be asked to propose justified design alternatives based on objective data and considerations related to well-being, safety and usability. They will be encouraged to reflect on the ethical and social implications of their design choices.
4. Communication skills
Students will be required to present their analyses and projects orally and in writing, using appropriate technical language and effective visual aids (diagrams, graphs, tables, infographics). Group presentations, collective feedback and usage simulations will provide opportunities to refine the communication of ergonomic content to different audiences: teachers, users, clients or other designers.
5. Learning skills
The course will encourage the development of independent study through the consultation of specialist bibliographic sources, the analysis of international standards (e.g. ISO, UNI) and the search for good ergonomic practices. Students will be encouraged to learn through discovery, to integrate interdisciplinary knowledge (psychology, physiology, technology) and to reflect on their own learning methods, including through self-assessment and peer comparison.
This structure aims to train conscious designers who are not only able to understand and apply the rules of ergonomics, but also to critically judge their value and effectively communicate their principles and design implications.